Power Analysis
For Study 2 we conducted two a priori Power Analysis using G*Power version 3.1 (Faul et al., 2007). The first analysis was for a repeated measures between factors (4 condition) ANOVA. The power analysis adopted a significance criterion α of .05, power level of .80 with an expected effect size of 0.1 and expected correlation among measures of 0.5. The results of the power analysis suggested that a sample of 824 would provide sufficient statistical power to detect in the sample an effect present in the population with an 80% chance. The second power analysis was for a fixed effects (4 condition) ANOVA. Again, the significance criterion was α of .05, power was .80, expected effect size was 0.1. The power analysis suggested a sample of 967 would provide sufficient statistical power to detect in the sample an effect present in the population with an 80% chance. However financial constraints precluded recruiting an adequately powered sample.
Project References
- Becker, J. C., Tausch, N., & Wagner, U. (2011). Emotional consequences of collective action participation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(12), 1587–1598. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211414145
- Boudet, H., & McAdam, D. (2012). Putting Social Movements in Their Place: Explaining Opposition to Energy Projects in the United States, 2000-2005. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Brown, E. (2022, December 10). Why activists are targeting famous art to protest climate change. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/why-activists-are-targeting-famous-art-to-protest-climate-change. (G. Bennett, Interviewer) PBS News Weekend.
- Celikates, R. (2016). Rethinking civil disobedience as a practice of contestation-beyond the liberal paradigm. Constellations: An International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory, 23(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12216
- Chenoweth, E. (2021). Civil resistance: What everyone needs to know. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Cottle, S. (2008). Reporting demonstrations: The changing media politics of dissent. Media, Culture & Society, 30(6), 853–872.
- Dahlum, S., Pinckney, J., & Wig, T. (2023). Moral Logics of Support for Nonviolent Resistance: Evidence From a Cross-National Survey Experiment. Comparative Political Studies, 56(3), 326–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140221100198
- Extinction Rebellion. (2023, March 6). Extinction Rebellion disrupts pipeline engineer’s offices to demand East African Crude Oil Pipeline boycott. Extinction Rebellion UK. https://extinctionrebellion.uk/2023/03/06/extinction-rebellion-disrupts-pipeline-engineers-offices-to-demand-east-african-crude-oil-pipeline-boycott/
- Extinction Rebellion. (2023, March 8). Extinction rebellion disrupts pipeline engineer’s offices to demand East African crude oil pipeline boycott. Extinction Rebellion UK. Retrieved March 20, 2023, from https://extinctionrebellion.uk/2023/03/06/extinction-rebellion-disrupts-pipeline-engineers-offices-to-demand-east-african-crude-oil-pipeline-boycott/
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191.
- Flynn, A. W., Domínguez, S., Jordan, R. A., Dyer, R. L., & Young, E. I. (2021). When the political is professional: Civil disobedience in psychology. American Psychologist, 76(8), 1217–1231. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000867
- Gayle, D. (2022, August 29). Scientists call on colleagues to protest climate crisis with civil disobedience. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/aug/29/scientists-call-on-colleagues-to-protest-climate-crisis-with-civil-disobedience
- Gayle, D. (2022, October 14). Just Stop Oil activists throw soup at Van Gogh’s Sunflowers. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/oct/14/just-stop-oil-activists-throw-soup-at-van-goghs-sunflowers
- Glaeser, E. L., & Sunstein, C. R. (2015, July 13). A theory of civil disobedience. The National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved March 20, 2023, from https://www.nber.org/papers/w21338
- Gøtzsche-Astrup, J., & Gøtzsche-Astrup, O. (2020). Cultural Models of Contention: How Do the Public Interpret the Repertoire of Contention? Sociology, I(20).
- Gøtzsche-Astrup, J., & Gøtzsche-Astrup, O. (2022). Cultural Models of Contention: How Do the Public Interpret the Repertoire of Contention? Sociology, 00380385221109698. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380385221109698
- Gunningham, N. (2019). Averting Climate Catastrophe: Environmental Activism, Extinction Rebellion and coalitions of Influence. King’s Law Journal, 30(2), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/09615768.2019.1645424
- Hubbard, H. (2022, October 15). Who is just stop oil, the group that threw soup on Van Gogh’s painting? NPR. Retrieved March 20, 2023, from https://www.npr.org/2022/10/15/1129322429/just-stop-oil-climate-activists-protest-van-gogh
- Kress, K., & Anderson, S. W. (1989). Dworkin in transition. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 37(2), 337. https://doi.org/10.2307/840171
- Lemons, J., & Brown, D. A. (2011). Global climate change and non-violent civil disobedience. Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics, 11(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.3354/esep00109
- Morreall, J. (1976). The justifiability of violent civil disobedience. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 6(1), 35-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1976.10716975
- O’Keefe, D. J., & Hoeken, H. (2021). Message design choices don’t make much difference to persuasiveness and can’t be counted on—not even when moderating conditions are specified. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.664160
- Patterson, S., & Mann, M. (2022, November 14). Public Disapproval of Disruptive Climate Change Protests. Penn Center for Science, Sustainability, and the Media. https://web.sas.upenn.edu/pcssm/commentary/public-disapproval-of-disruptive-climate-change-protests/
- Quiroz, L. (2022, November 1). The activist who threw soup on a van Gogh says it’s the planet that’s being destroyed. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/11/01/1133041550/the-activist-who-threw-soup-on-a-van-gogh-explains-why-they-did-it
- Rawls, J. (1999). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Shoemaker, P. J. (1982). The perceived legitimacy of deviant political groups. Communication Research, 9(2), 249–286. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365082009002004
- Stephan, M. J., & Chenoweth, E. (2008). Why civil resistance works: The strategic logic of nonviolent conflict. International Security, 33(1), 7–44. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.2008.33.1.7
- Suliman, A. (2022, November 15). World’s museums urge climate activists targeting ‘irreplaceable’ art to stop. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/11/11/climate-change-protesters-art-museums/
- Tausch, N., Becker, J. C., Spears, R., Christ, O., Saab, R., Singh, P., & Siddiqui, R. N. (2011). Explaining radical group behavior: Developing emotion and efficacy routes to normative and nonnormative collective action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022728
- Thomas, E. F., & Louis, W. R. (2014). When will collective action be effective? violent and non-violent protests differentially influence perceptions of legitimacy and efficacy among sympathizers. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(2), 263–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213510525
- Tigue, K. (2023, March 17). In ‘scientist rebellion,’ researchers face arrest for climate action. Inside Climate News. Retrieved March 20, 2023, from https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12042022/in-scientist-rebellion-researchers-face-arrest-for-climate-action/
- Wouters, R. (2019). Persuasive Power of Protest. How Protest wins Public Support. Social Forces, 98(1), 403–426. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy110